Focal Point - The center of

Exposure Triangle

Aperture - The opening into the camera

Shutter - Mechanism that allows light to enter the camera for a precise period of time.

ISO - the sensitivity to light of the sensor/film

Aperture & Depth Of Field- Aperture is the size of the opening into the camera, and the larger the aperture the smaller sliver of focus you will have.

Examples of a change in aperture:


ISO:
The sensitivity of the camera.


White balance (WB):
The color temperature of the light being photographed.